Building Codes (IBC / IRC)
Building codes protect the people who will live in and use a building after it’s finished. OSHA protects the workers who build it. Both apply on every project.
- Construction
The main codes
- International Building Code (IBC): commercial and multi-family buildings
- International Residential Code (IRC): one- and two-family homes and townhouses
- International Fire Code, Plumbing Code, Mechanical Code, Energy Conservation Code
- NFPA 70 (NEC) for electrical. See NEC.
States and cities adopt specific editions, often with local changes. Chapter 33 of the IBC (“Safeguards During Construction”) also covers protection of the public and adjoining property during construction.
Building code vs. OSHA
| Building codes | OSHA | |
|---|---|---|
| Protects | Future occupants and the public | Workers |
| Enforced by | Local building department and inspectors | OSHA or state plan |
| Examples | Stair dimensions, fire ratings, structural design | Fall protection, PPE, trench protection |
How codes become law
- The International Code Council publishes new editions every three years.
- States, counties and cities choose which edition to adopt and can add their own amendments. A town may still be using a code that is several editions old.
- The local building official interprets the code and has the final say on that jurisdiction’s projects.
Permits and inspections
Most new construction, additions, structural changes and electrical, plumbing and mechanical work need a permit. Inspectors visit at set stages, commonly:
- Footings and foundation before concrete is placed
- Framing
- Rough-in electrical, plumbing and mechanical before walls are closed
- Insulation and energy code items
- Final inspection, then a certificate of occupancy for many buildings
Work covered up before inspection may have to be opened back up. Skipping permits can cause problems with insurance, resale and safety. See Hiring Contractors.
Protecting the public during construction
IBC Chapter 33 and the fire code cover safety during construction, including:
- Barriers, covered walkways and fences to protect pedestrians next to the site
- Protection of adjoining buildings, footings and property during excavation
- Fire extinguishers, standpipes and fire department access during construction. See NFPA 241.
- Keeping required exits usable in occupied buildings being remodeled
Note: a finished permanent guardrail or stair built to code may still not meet OSHA’s requirements during construction, and vice versa. Both must be satisfied.
Standards & references
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